My Dream World

William Shakespeare is a great writer of sonnets. The Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains. Each quatrain consists of four lines. At the end there is a couplet. The rhyme scheme of Shakespearean sonnet is abab, cdcd, efef and gg. The following sonnet (Sonnet no. 02) is an example of Shakespearean sonnet. When forty winters shall besiege thy brow, And dig deep trenches in thy beauty's field, Thy youth's proud livery so gazed on now, Will be a totter'd weed of small worth held: Then being asked, where all thy beauty lies, Where all the treasure of thy lusty days; To say, within thine own deep sunken eyes, Were an all-eating shame, and thriftless praise. How much more praise deserv'd thy beauty's use, If thou couldst answer 'This fair child of mine Shall sum my count, and make my old excuse,' Proving his beauty by succession thine! This were to be new made when thou art old, And see thy blood warm when thou feel'st it cold.

William Shakespeare was born at Stratford-On-Avon on 25 April 1564. He died on 23 April 1616. He is an eminent poet and playwright of the Renaissance in England. His poems are Venus and Adonis (1593), The Rape of Lucrece (1594), The Phoenix and the Turtle (1601) and the Sonnets (1593-1603). The sonnets of William Shakespeare were published in the Quarto edition of Shakespeare’s Works in 1609 by Thomas Thorpe. They are dedicated to Mr. W.H. It is he who is considered to be the begetter of Shakespearean sonnets. A controversy exists about the identity of Mr. W.H. Perhaps he is William Herbert, the eldest son of the second Earl of Prembroke by his third wife, Mary Sidney. William Herbert was born in 1586. In 1601 he became the third Earl of Prembroke. Shakespeare has composed 154 sonnets. These sonnets form two groups. The first group (1 to 126) is addressed to a smart young man and the second group (127 to 154) to a dark lady. The young man appears as a lovely boy. His social pos...

Existentialism is a movement in the field of philosophy and literature. It is a reaction against the traditional schools of philosophy of Rationalism, British Empiricism and Positivism. It emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. It began in the 19th Century but it reached at its peak in mid-20th Century France. Existentialism was developed by the 19th Century Danish philosopher Kierkegaard and the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. The Phenomenology of Martin Heidegger also contributed to the development of this movement. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Arthur Schopenhauer also enriched the development of Existentialism. Max Stirner, Karl Jaspers, Edmund Husserl, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Franz Kafka, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Simone de Beauvoir and Maurice Merleau-Ponty are some other popular names of this movement. But Jean-Paul Sartre is the most well-known existentialist. According to this philosophical belief, we ourselves are responsible for making our li...

About Wordsworth (1770-1850): The Daffodils is a fantastic poem. It has been composed by William Wordsworth. He is the greatest romantic poet of Romantic era. He is popular as a great poet of Nature and humanity. Several of his poems project the influence of Nature on him. They also deal with the influence of Nature on man. Wordsworth wrote about simple people in the language really used by men. His world of poetry deals with mystery, interest in the past, love of Nature, Interest in humanity, love for simplicity, freedom of imagination etc. William Wordsworth was born in Cockermouth, Cumberland in the English Lake District on 7 April 1770. He was the second son of John Wordsworth. He was so unfortunate that his parents died while he was a boy. In October 1787 Wordsworth went up to St. John’s College, Cambridge. After spending a few years in London he went to France. His stay in France made him an admirer of the democratic ideals of French Revolution. But the September massacre horr...

About the poet of Bangle Sellers: The poem Bangle Sellers has been composed by Sarojini Naidu. She is a woman of versatile genius. She is a prestigious lyricist in the world of Indo-English Poetry. She is renowned for her observation, narration and simple depiction of Indian culture. Sarojini Naidu was born in an illustrious Bengali Brahmin family in Hyderabad on 13th of February 1879. Her family originally belonged to Brahmangaon, a village in East Bengal. It is now in Bangladesh. Sarojini received her early education in Hyderabad. At the age of twelve, she passed matriculation from Madras University. At the age of thirteen, she composed a long narrative poem Lady of the Lake . In the age of sixteen, she went to England for further studies in 1895. First of all she studied in King’s College of London and after that she went to Griton College, Cambridge. In England Sarojini attracted the attention of Sir Edmund Gosse and Arthur Symons. They were renowned poets, critics and biog...

Sigmund Freud is an Austrian neurologist. He is popular as the founder of psychoanalysis. It is he who developed the Oedipus complex as a concept. He was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire and died on September 23, 1939 in London, England. This great philosopher came to the conclusion that lapses in human behaviour are caused by worries and conflicts. Freud analysed things like dream, religion, sense of guilt, fear and shame. According to him Id, Ego and Super Ego control human behaviour. Sigmund Freud’s influence on literature has been very great. James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Thomas Mann, Brecht and Franz Kafka wrote under the influence of Freudian thought. Hindi Translation: सिगमंड फ्रायड एक ऑस्ट्रियाई न्यूरोलॉजिस्ट हैं। वह मनोविश्लेषण के संस्थापक के रूप में लोकप्रिय हैं। ये वे हैं जिन्होंने Oedipus complex को एक अवधारणा के रूप में विकसित किया। उनका जन्म 6 मई, 1856 को ऑस्ट्रियाई साम्राज्य के फ्रीबर्ग, मोराविया में हुआ था और 23 सितंबर, 1939 को लंदन, इंग्ल...

Modern poetry in English started in the early years of the twentieth century. With the appearance the imagists, there occurred a change in English poetic outlook. The Romantic and Victorian traditions of poetry of the previous age were rejected. A revolution in poetic technique took place. This new poetry became remarkable for experiment. It appeared as the poetry of experience. Individualism, experimentation, absurdity, symbolism and formalism appeared as major characteristics of the modern poetry. In the new poetry, the poets expressed the chaos and changing scenario of the life and the society. The city, disillusionment, fragmentation and alienation became the major theme. T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, T.E. Hulme, Gerard Manley Hopkins, D. H. Lawrence, William Butler Yeats, James Joyce, William Carlos Williams, W. H. Auden, Robert Graves, Rudyard Kipling, Wilfred Owen and Wallace Stevens are some major contributors to the modern poetry. Hindi Translation: अंग्रेजी में आधुनिक कविता की श...

The Decadent movement was a late 19th century artistic and literary movement. It followed an aesthetic ideology of artificiality. The Georgian poetry is a reaction against that decadent transitional poetry. It is that poetry which was produced in the early 20th century by British poets. This poetry was lyrical in nature. It flourished in the reign of George V. The Georgians endeavoured to restore the simplicity and naturalness. They avoided the use of archaic diction and composed neat and melodious poems. Walter de la Mare, William Henry Davies, Rupert Brooke, John Drinkwater, Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, Harold Monro, Sir Edward Marsh, Masefield, Lascelles Abercrombie, Hilaire Belloc, Edmund Charles Blunden, Ralph Hodgson, James Elroy Flecker, Robert Graves, Siegfried Sassoon, Sir J.C. Squire and Edward Thomas etc are some important Georgian poets. हिंदी अनुवाद:  डिकैडेंट आंदोलन 19वीं सदी के अंत का एक कलात्मक और साहित्यिक आंदोलन था। इसने कृत्रिमता की सौंदर्यवादी विचारधारा का अनुसरण...

The First World War and its horrors greatly influenced Modern Poetry. Poets like Richard Aldington, Laurence Binyon, Edmund Blunden, Rupert Brooke, Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, Robert Graves, Julian Grenfell, Ivor Gurney, David Jones, Robert Nichols, Wilfred Owen, Herbert Read, Isaac Rosenberg, Siegfried Sassoon, Charles Hamilton Sorley and Edward Thomas composed war poems. Poets like Rupert Brooke and some others did not personally experience the horrors of war. That is why they sang of patriotism, nobility and sacrifice. But Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon and some others exposed the horror of war. It is because they personally experienced the horror of war. Charles Hamilton Sorley and Issac Rosenberg and all other poets mentioned above contributed a lot to the development of war poetry. In short, the war poets presented the ugly face of war in their poetry. हिंदी अनुवाद : प्रथम विश्व युद्ध और इसकी भयावहता ने आधुनिक कविता को बहुत प्रभावित किया। रिचर्ड एल्डिंगटन, लारेंस बिनियन, एडम...

The end of the Victorian era is the beginning of modern age. The first half of the 20th century is very important in the history of English literature. It marks a clear departure from the compromise and stability of the Victorian period. The following are the important characteristics of the modern age: 1. Interrogation and Anxiety: The 20th century is known as the age of interrogation and anxiety. In this century the scientific revolution shook man's faith in the authority of religion and church. The social, moral, political and economic scenario was changing fast. People were not ready to accept anything without testing it on the touchstone of reason. Modern industrial and technical progress gave birth to the spirit of competition. It increased frustration, anxiety and cynicism. The literature of this period reflects all these tendencies. 2. Art's for Life's Sake: In the modern age the doctrine of art for art's sake was rejected. The doctrine of art for life...